South Korea’s Ministry of Science and Information and Communications Technology announced on Wednesday that it will invest 440.7 billion won (currently about RMB 2.38 billion ) in research and development of 6G network services.

According to reports, the 440.7 billion won in funds from the Ministry of Science and Information and Communications Technology of South Korea will be used to develop technologies including wireless communications, mobile core networks, 6G wireless networks, 6G systems and 6G standardization.

South Korea hopes that 6G technology can provide a variety of services, including the development of ultra-high-speed, large-capacity optical fiber transmission systems to improve the delay of wired networks. In addition, urban air transportation, virtual reality, etc. can also make full use of the benefits of 6G.

They said they are committed to standardizing domestic 6G technology in accordance with international standardization requirements and are expected to start formulating it as early as 2024. The plan also involves the development of mid- and high-band technology, covering the frequency range from 7GHz to 24GHz, which can also help upgrade 5G networks.

South Korea’s Ministry of Science and Information and Communications Technology also stated that they plan to demonstrate results related to 6G network research and development in 2026 and plan to play a role in the formulation of international standards for next-generation network services.

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According to reports, Samsung Electronics has applied for a radio frequency use license from the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and the test will use a prototype base station and up to 32 mobile radio devices. In other FCC filings, Samsung has made clear its vision of using the 12.7GHz-13.25GHz band for 6G. “Preliminary findings indicate a significant increase in spectrum demand for 6G use cases such as XR (extended reality), holographic communications, and combined communications and sensing.”

▲Image source Pixabay

Comprehensive it was previously reported that Samsung Electronics applied for a radio frequency use license for a distance of 500 meters in Texas in 2021, and launched a 6G project test in November of the same year.

Samsung Electronics released a 6G white paper in July 2020, outlining the company’s 6G vision to bring the next super-connected experience to every corner of life. It is expected that 6G communications will be commercially available as early as 2028 and in 2030. become mainstream. In order to accelerate 6G research, Samsung Research Institute, the advanced R&D center in Samsung Electronics’ terminal product business, established the Advanced Communications Research Center in May 2019.

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At Huawei’s 2022 annual report conference, Xu Zhijun, Huawei’s rotating chairman, and Meng Wanzhou, Huawei’s CFO, attended the conference.

Xu Zhijun said that Huawei will deploy 5.5G globally around 2025, allowing consumers to significantly improve their experience in various scenarios while promoting digitalization in all industries. No one knows what 6G is, it’s just a concept and a goal for the industry. Huawei is working with the industry to define what 6G is and to research technologies that could be used. it is not clear when 6G will arrive, which should be after 2030. If consumers and industry do not have a major upgrade to the mobile network, perhaps 6G will not be needed, and perhaps it is normal to live in the 5.5G era. But Huawei still wants 6G to come, otherwise, there will be no growth, users will not buy cell phones. Now the phone has dropped significantly, we still hope that 6G to come, but can come, when to come, but also waiting for the answer.

The U.S. Department of Commerce only licensed the 4G chip, and Huawei can only manufacture 4G phones. To buy a Huawei 5G phone, you have to wait for permission from the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Huawei’s 2022 report that in 2022, Huawei achieved sales revenue of 284 billion RMB in the carrier business, 133.2 billion RMB in Huawei’s enterprise business, and 214.5 billion RMB in the terminal business. The ICT infrastructure business maintained stable growth, the downward trend of the terminal business slowed, the digital energy and Huawei cloud businesses grew rapidly, and the competitiveness of smart car components and user experience improved significantly. Huawei’s cloud computing business continued to grow at a rapid pace, achieving sales revenue of RMB45.3 billion. Revenue from the telecom business grew 0.9% to RMB 284 billion. Revenue from the smart car solution components business was RMB 2.1 billion. it

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Under the K-Network 2030 plan, the Korean government will advance the launch of commercial services for 6G networks by two years by securing world-class 6G technology, innovating software-based next-generation mobile networks and strengthening the network supply chain, according to the Ministry of Science and ICT.

At the same time, the Korean government will encourage local companies to produce materials, components and equipment for 6G technology domestically and develop an open RAN, or open wireless access network, compatible with any mobile device, enabling mobile operators and enterprises to offer flexible services.

The ministry said a feasibility study for a 6G core technology development project worth 625.3 billion won (currently about 3.308 billion yuan) is underway for the program. The advanced program aims to help the country stay ahead of the global competition for future network infrastructure after the 5G network race to meet the demand for higher-speed and lower-latency wireless communications.

South Korea leads 5G development with a high number of 5G patents, while previous 4G technology development was mostly dominated by U.S. and European companies, according to data from German analyst firm IPlytics. The fourth-largest economy in Asia accounted for 25.9 percent of 5G patents last year, trailing market leader China’s 26.8 percent. The South Korean government has said it aims to raise that number to 30 percent or more in the upcoming patent competition for 6G networks.

6G, the sixth generation mobile communication standard, is also known as the sixth generation of mobile communication technology. The main boost is the development of the Internet of Things. 6G is still in the development stage, and 6G’s transmission capacity may be 100 times higher than 5G, and network latency may be reduced from milliseconds to microseconds.

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David Boswarthick, Director of New Technologies at ETSI, said: “ETSI is at the forefront of innovation and we recognize the important role of cutting-edge research in enabling robust and relevant world-class standards. Our close collaboration with 6G-IA demonstrates our growing European presence There is mutual interest in technology, which will certainly be beneficial to both organizations.”

Colin Willcock of Nokia, Chairman of the 6G-IA Board of Directors, said: “6G-IA is driving the development of 6G in Europe through a partnership with the European Commission for intelligent networks and services. This major research program will Invest at least 1.8 billion euros in 6G research between 2021 and 2027.” He said that joining ETSI is a natural progression for 6G-IA.

Regarding this cooperation, 6G-IA and ETSI jointly stated that their cooperation reflects the integration of European research results on 5G, 6G and related technologies into the wider field of standardization.

In addition, ETSI said that the first phase of 5G/6G research projects is being launched, many of which will play a key role in defining next-generation networks. ETSI will hold a meeting at its headquarters in Sophia Antipolis this February, which will also provide the perfect platform for these new projects to present their purpose and plans, and discuss their standardization with standards experts. exchange roadmaps.

According to public information, 6G-IA is headquartered in Brussels, and its board members include Deutsche Telekom, Orange, TIM and representatives of suppliers such as Ericsson, Huawei and Samsung. 6G-IA brings together the global industry community including operators, manufacturers, research institutions, universities, vertical industries and enterprises, and industry associations. The association conducts a wide range of activities in strategic areas including standardization, spectrum, R&D projects, technical skills, collaboration with key vertical industry sectors (especially the development of trials), and international collaboration.

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Ericsson said the 10-year program will help drive the development of next-generation 6G networks, which are expected to be commercially available around 2030.

We will build a team of 20 experienced researchers in the UK and will also provide funding for students,” said Katherine Ainley, CEO of Ericsson UK and Ireland. The initial focus will be on 6G networking and hardware security.” Potential universities for the collaboration are said to include the University of Surrey, the University of Bristol and the University of Manchester.

The new research team will complement Ericsson’s 17 existing research sites in 12 countries/regions, she said.

The UK government said Ericsson’s investment was a “huge vote of confidence” in the UK telecommunications industry, adding that the UK would soon publish a development strategy for 6G technology.

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In order to support greater communication rates, channel capacity must increase accordingly according to Shannon’s Law, which generally means an increase in communication bandwidth is required. The most direct way to increase communication bandwidth is to increase the carrier frequency, and this is why terahertz has received particular attention in the 6G sector. Generally speaking, terahertz (THz) refers to the frequency band with a carrier frequency in the range of 300 GHz – 3 THz, while sub-THz refers to the frequency band around 100 GHz – 300 GHz. In the context of 6G, on the other hand, terahertz generally refers to both the THz band and the sub-THz band.

Currently, various countries are actively developing 6G-related terahertz technology and are opening up relevant frequency bands. China started a working group to promote the development of 6G technology as early as the end of 2019, while Huawei also announced earlier this year a prototype 6G system with a communication range of 500 metres using terahertz technology; the United States also decided to open up the 95 GHz – 3 THz 6G experimental spectrum in 2019; the South Korean government is investing heavily in 6G research and development, and both Samsung and LG are also actively developing related technologies. LG announced at the beginning of September this year that it had collaborated with the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany to realise a prototype terahertz communication system with an output power of up to 20 dBm over a distance of 200 metres.

In summary, we believe that with the rise of 6G technology, in order to meet the demand for high communication rates, the carrier frequency continues to rise to the terahertz band will become a key technology for 6G, while the related semiconductor chips and systems will be the core of supporting terahertz and 6G communications.

Current status and foresight of semiconductor terahertz communication chips

As mentioned above, terahertz communication chips will be the technical core of 6G. Terahertz communication-related chips can be divided into two main categories, one is RF chips, while other is baseband chips.

As far as RF chips are concerned, terahertz first needs circuits that can operate in the high-frequency band (terahertz band) and have a large bandwidth. In order to meet this requirement, the current terahertz RF chips for long-range communication mainly use the III-V semiconductors HEMT and HBT transistors to achieve RF-related work. III-V semiconductors have a high operating frequency, a large operating bandwidth and a high output power to meet the main needs of terahertz band communication. Since the first step in terahertz communication is still inter-base station communication, we believe that terahertz-implemented RF chips will be the semiconductor technology of choice for terahertz long-range communication chips in the coming years.

Outside of III-V semiconductors, terahertz communication technologies using CMOS and SiGe, which are silicon-based materials, are also flourishing. Compared to III-V semiconductors, CMOS and SiGe chips have the advantage of high integration and low cost and have therefore gained the attention of academia and industry alike. For terahertz, the main challenges for CMOS and SiGe are the low transistor cut-off frequency and the low operating bandwidth. The low cut-off frequency means that CMOS and SiGe chips can operate in the terahertz band, but their output power will be low, which means that long-range communication is difficult to achieve. to achieve communication. At present, the use of CMOS and SiGe chips for terahertz communication is still mainly for short-range communication (e.g. within a range of about 1 m). Looking ahead, the development of CMOS and SiGe for terahertz communications will be mainly at the circuit level and system level, where improvements in semiconductor processes do not currently improve the performance of CMOS/SiGe circuits in the terahertz band (e.g. CMOS is one of the best process nodes for the terahertz band at 65nm).

In addition to RF, another very important chip in the field of terahertz communications will be the baseband chip. While the standards for 6G are not yet defined, the current discussion on baseband is mainly about how to generate modulation of high-speed signals (e.g. if 6G needs to achieve over 100Gbps transmission in the terahertz band, how to achieve such high-speed modulation signals) and the related control of the RF circuitry, e.g. linearisation techniques. For high-speed communications, how to increase the speed of digital signal processing and how to improve the performance of digital-to-analogue conversions such as ultra-high-speed ADCs/DACs will be major topics. In addition, terahertz communication is still trying to increase the communication distance, or rather how to increase the effective output power of RF circuits is also currently a very important topic, so relevant digital auxiliary technologies, such as amplifier linearisation techniques, will also play a very important role in the field of terahertz.

Another RF-related semiconductor technology that deserves attention is packaging technology. In the field of circuitry, the integration of III-V and CMOS using advanced packaging technology is also a technology that allows both III-V and CMOS to take advantage of each other’s strengths, but how to ensure that the losses in the relevant systems are controlled in the terahertz band will be a topic of great interest. In addition, and more importantly, the smaller wavelengths in the terahertz band allow for smaller antenna sizes and therefore the possibility of using advanced packaging techniques to package multiple (>10) RF chips together in arrays to achieve high-performance beamforming to further enhance system performance. We believe that advanced packaging will play an enabling role in such miniaturised RF arrays to support the development of 6G terahertz technology.

Imaging is another potential area for terahertz chips

In addition to communications, another major application for terahertz chips is imaging. The main feature of terahertz is that it can penetrate some barriers that conventional light cannot while being able to sensitively detect metallic objects, thus having great promise for applications in areas such as security. At the same time, compared to previous millimetre wave-based security imaging technologies, terahertz has a shorter wavelength and can achieve a larger bandwidth, so imaging accuracy is better than millimetre wave imaging.

Unlike communications, imaging does not require long transmission distances, so terahertz imaging can be implemented using silicon-based chips. In addition, the use of CMOS/SiGe for terahertz imaging is also promising in terms of cost, as there is a need for miniaturisation and large-scale deployment for placement and imaging.

Currently, terahertz imaging chips implemented using CMOS/SiGe typically operate at 100 – 400 GHz with bandwidths up to 100 GHz, thus enabling very high precision imaging. We believe that there is considerable future upside for terahertz circuits in this area, including the integration of more sophisticated imaging algorithms (e.g. compressed sensing, etc.), the integration of more complex array systems, etc. Imaging technology will be the most critical application of terahertz in the future along with 6G communications, thus driving further development of terahertz chips and systems. Terahertz is set to become another promising frequency band after the millimetre wave, with related chip technologies and market applications to look forward to.

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In the 6G era, the network infrastructure will be extended from the ground to space. Because of this, the space network strategy is also expected to be included. South Korea will promote the establishment of a pilot network for 6G low-orbit satellite communications from 2026 onwards. In addition, Korea plans to launch the Open LAN Consortium in the near future to establish an early open LAN ecosystem.

In addition to the above strategy, Korea may also propose a public-private partnership strategy, whereby Korean mobile operators and manufacturers such as SK Telecom, KT, LG U+ and Samsung Electronics will work together to develop innovative 6G technologies and converged services. The public-private partnership will work together on technologies such as enhanced network security based on quantum cryptography, extended connectivity based on satellite network interoperability, and fault prediction management based on artificial intelligence. It also has the potential to develop new services including Urban Air Mobility (UAM), autonomous driving and metaverse.

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